Lethal yellowing

Lethal Yellowing is a phytoplasma disease that attacks many species of palms, including some commercially important species such as the Coconut and Date Palm. It is spread by the planthopper Haplaxius crudus (former name Myndus crudus) which is native to Florida, parts of the Caribbean and Central America. Infected plants will normally die in 3 to 6 months. The only effective cure is prevention, i.e. planting resistant varieties of coconut palm and preventing a park or 'golf course like' environments which attracts the planthopper. Some cultivars, such as the Panama Tall coconut cultivar nearly died out by lethal yellowing. Heavy turf grasses and similar green ground cover will attract the planthopper to lay its eggs and the nymphs develop at the roots of these grasses. The planthpoppers eggs and nymphs may pose a great threat to coconut growing countrys economies, into which grass seeds for golf courses and lawns are imported from the Americas. It is not clearly understood how the disease was spread to East Africa as the planthopper haplaxius crudus is not native in East Africa.

The only explantion is that it was imported with grass seed from Florida that were used to create golf courses and lawns in beach resorts. There is a direct connection between green lawns and the spread of lethal yellowing in Florida. Even so called 'resistant cultivars' such as 'maypan cultivar' do not have a 100% immunity.The nymphs of the planthoppers develop on roots of grasses, hence the areas of grass in the vicinity of palm trees is connected with the spread of this phytoplasma disease. The problem arose as a direct result of using coconut and date palms for ornamental and landscaping purposes in lawns, golf courses and gardens together with these grasses. When these two important food palms where grown in traditional ways (without grasses) in plantations and along the shores, the palm grooves weren't noticebly affected by lethal yellowing. The disease can also be spread by poor phytosanitary gardening and trimming techniques, when instruments used to cut an infected palm are then used to cut or trim a healthy one. Treating the knives or gardening scissors using a disinfectant (Lysol) or by dipping them in boiling water for some time is suggested as a precaution before and after cutting any palms.

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